Why dry bulk cargo is considered to be the most difficult to load and carry

1. Why carrying bulk grain is one of the most dangerous cargoes?
2. What do you think are the most common problems associated during loading bulk cargoes in general?
3. Why damage can happen during cargo operations on bulk carrier ships?
4. What are those risks when carrying hazardous materials in bulk?
5. What are the main issues when carrying grain cargoes?
6. What are solid bulk cargoes?
7. What causes solid bulk cargo liquefy?
8. Why do bulk cargo carriers need to carry oxygen analysis and gas detection equipment?
9. Which of the following is an example of a dry bulk cargo?
10. What is bulk cargo operation?
11. Why overloading the cargo hold is not applicable to all ships?
12. How can you prevent damage to shipping structure and cargo?
13. What is the most common mode of transportation for hazardous materials?
14. What is the most common mode for transporting hazardous materials?
15. Why is it important to safely store hazardous chemicals?

Why carrying bulk grain is one of the most dangerous cargoes?

Cargo shift: Cargo shift has always remained one of the greatest dangers on bulk carriers. This problem is greater for ships carrying grain cargoes. Grain settles by about 2% of its volume. Because of this settling, small void spaces exist on the top of the grain surface.

What do you think are the most common problems associated during loading bulk cargoes in general?

Carrying solid bulk cargoes involves serious risks, which must be managed carefully to safeguard the crew and the ship. These risks include reduced ship stability, and even capsizing, due to cargo liquefaction; fire or explosion due to chemical hazards; and damage to ship structures due to poor loading procedures.

Why damage can happen during cargo operations on bulk carrier ships?

Causes of bulk carrier hull damage and failure in operation. Damage to side shell, externally through contact with docksides or tugs and, internally from impact by cargo dislodging equipment during discharge, can result in initiating fractures and/or fatigue of the structure. ... This may lead to undetected fractures.

What are those risks when carrying hazardous materials in bulk?

i)Dust created by certain cargoes may constitute an explosion hazard. ii) Flammable gases emitted by certain bulk cargoes may give rise to a fire or explosion hazard. iii) Incompatible materials which may react dangerously. iv) Materials liable to spontaneous combustion.

What are the main issues when carrying grain cargoes?

Wheat/Grain is said to be one of the most difficult and dangerous cargoes to carry in bulk. Most cargoes have an angle of repose (slip angle) of 20° from the horizontal, meaning that if the ship rolls more than 20° the cargo will shift. Eventually the ship may capsize.

What are solid bulk cargoes?

Solid bulk cargo means any material, other than liquid or gas, consisting of a combination of particles, granules or any larger pieces of material, generally uniform in composition, which is loaded directly into the cargo spaces of a ship without any intermediate form of containment.

What causes solid bulk cargo liquefy?

Liquefaction of a solid bulk cargo can occur when excessive dynamic loading, induced by rough seas and vessel vibrations, is transmitted to the cargo. From 1988 to 2015, there have been 24 suspected liquefaction incidents reported, which resulted in 164 casualties and the loss of 18 vessels.

Why do bulk cargo carriers need to carry oxygen analysis and gas detection equipment?

The MS (Carriage of Cargoes) Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/336) [ regulation 7 ] specifies that in the case of a ship transporting or accepting for transport a bulk cargo which is liable to emit a toxic or flammable gas, or cause oxygen depletion in the cargo hold, an appropriate instrument for measuring the concentration ...

Which of the following is an example of a dry bulk cargo?

Dry bulk refers to grain, coal, iron ore, cement, sugar, salt and sand. They are not packaged separately, but transported in large quantities in the hold of a ship, wagon or lorry.

What is bulk cargo operation?

Bulk cargo is a shipping term for items that are shipped loosely and unpackaged as opposed to being shipped in packages or containers. ... Items may also be referred to as break bulk cargo, which is cargo that is packaged but non-containerized.

Why overloading the cargo hold is not applicable to all ships?

Overloading of the cargo hold in association with insufficient draught will result in an excessive net vertical load on the double bottom which may distort the overall structural configuration in way of the hold . ... In the case of a single cargo hold, the ship draught at the mid-length of the hold should be used.

How can you prevent damage to shipping structure and cargo?

a) Grab evenly over the full area of the hold to avoid development of steep banks in the wings. b) Avoid pendulum swinging of the grab into the wings so that it will not strike the ship's side shell frames. c) Grab should be straight and parallel to the ship's side.

What is the most common mode of transportation for hazardous materials?

Ground transport is the most popular method of transport of hazardous materials due to cost and convenience. Truck transport, however, in comparison to rail freight, is five times as dangerous.

What is the most common mode for transporting hazardous materials?

Rail transportation of hazardous materials in the United States is recognized to be the safest method of moving large quantities of chemicals over long distances.

Why is it important to safely store hazardous chemicals?

1.2 Why is it important to safely store hazardous chemicals? ... Flammable and oxidising chemicals may cause or contribute to a fire, corrosive chemicals can injure people and damage property and structures they come into contact with and toxic chemicals can poison people who are exposed to them.